Ch\u0159ipkov\u00e1 epidemie je ut\u011b\u0161en\u011b na vzestupu a vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das u n\u00e1s \u0159\u00e1dit bude. Jako ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b tak epidemiologov\u00e9 za\u010dali \u017eehrat na nedostate\u010dn\u011b proo\u010dkovanou populaci, kter\u00e1, snad ze strachu z jehly nebo z chudoby, odm\u00edt\u00e1 investovat do o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. No, nebudu si tu malovat svatoz\u00e1\u0159. Jsem jedna z nich. <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n A i p\u0159esto\u017ee leto\u0161n\u00ed ch\u0159ipkovirus op\u011bt zmutoval na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed level, op\u011bt spol\u00e9h\u00e1m na to, \u017ee n\u011bco takov\u00e9ho se mi nem\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ihodit.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n P\u0159esto jsou vakc\u00edny a rozvoj imunologie jedn\u00edm z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch krok\u016f, kter\u00e9 modern\u00ed medic\u00edna kdy ud\u011blala. V\u00fdvoj o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed toti\u017e zachr\u00e1nil v\u00edce \u017eivot\u016f ne\u017e jak\u00e1koliv jin\u00e1 metoda \u010di p\u0159\u00edstroj.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Za v\u0161\u00edm hledej kr\u00e1vu.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n i\u017e sta\u0159\u00ed \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 se pokou\u0161eli chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed n\u00e1kazou prav\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Hnis z ne\u0161tovi\u010dn\u00e9ho puch\u00fd\u0159ku se vpichoval pacientovi pod k\u016f\u017ei. Jindy se zase ne\u0161tovi\u010dn\u00e9 puch\u00fd\u0159ky mlely na prach a ten se n\u00e1sledn\u011b aplikoval vdechnut\u00edm nebo injek\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Evropany tento syst\u00e9m fascinoval i odpuzoval z\u00e1rove\u0148.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Man\u017eelka britsk\u00e9ho velvyslance v Turecku Mary Wortley Montaguov\u00e1 se zaslou\u017eila o popularizaci tzv. variolizace v Evrop\u011b. (variola je latinsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev pro ne\u0161tovice).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n I p\u0159es \u00fasp\u011bch to bylo p\u0159eci jen trochu eklhaft a nav\u00edc hrozilo vysok\u00e9 riziko n\u00e1kazy prav\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Britsk\u00fd l\u00e9ka\u0159 Edward Jenner si v\u0161iml, \u017ee doji\u010dky, kter\u00e9 prod\u011blaly kravsk\u00e9 ne\u0161tovice, neonemocn\u011bly nikdy ne\u0161tovicemi prav\u00fdmi. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee kravsk\u00e9 ne\u0161tovice nebyly tak nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, p\u0159ivedlo ho to na my\u0161lenku pou\u017e\u00edt k o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b tento p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fd virus.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Roku 1796 provedl odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd pokus.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Dnes bychom mu mo\u017en\u00e1 sebrali licenci a zav\u0159eli ho do pokoj\u00ed\u010dku bez kliky, k \u010demu\u017e nem\u011bl daleko ani tenkr\u00e1t. Jednoho chlapce toti\u017e o\u010dkoval pr\u00e1v\u011b kravsk\u00fdmi ne\u0161tovicemi a po n\u011bjak\u00e9 dob\u011b ho infikoval virem prav\u00fdch ne\u0161tovic.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Dle p\u0159edpokladu chlapec neonemocn\u011bl. <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n A proto\u017ee za v\u0161\u00edm byla kr\u00e1va a ta se latinsky \u0159ekne \u201evacca\u201c, dal tento pokus sv\u011btu nejen nad\u011bji v boji se z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00fdmi chorobami, ale i n\u00e1zev cel\u00e9mu oboru: vakcinace.<\/p>\n B\u011bhem n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch let se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo toto o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Na dal\u0161\u00edho pr\u016fkopn\u00edka si imunologie musela po\u010dkat t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sto let.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Roku 1885 Louis Pasteur zachr\u00e1nil \u017eivot mal\u00e9mu chlapci. <\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ji\u017e tenkr\u00e1t d\u011blal pokusy s oslaben\u00fdmi viry tak z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00fdch chorob, jak\u00fdmi byla vzteklina, cholera nebo sn\u011b\u0165 slezinn\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e jako antrax.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Tehdy Pasteur odvr\u00e1til nejhor\u0161\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee chlapci podal bez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9 prodlevy vakc\u00ednu. N\u011bkdo by mo\u017en\u00e1 \u010dekal, \u017ee nyn\u00ed za\u017eila hum\u00e1nn\u00ed medic\u00edna doslova boom.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nikoliv.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pokrok za\u017eila d\u00edky Pasteurovi imunologieveterin\u00e1rn\u00ed a boom se tak odehr\u00e1l p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v chovu hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nebojte, ne nadlouho.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n N\u00e1skok dohnal velmi brzy na to Edmund Salmon a Theobald Smith vakc\u00ednou chole\u0159e. V\u0161imli si toti\u017e, \u017ee chemicky usmrcen\u00e9 bakterie v t\u011ble aktivuj\u00ed imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnou ochranu, ani\u017e by do\u0161lo k n\u00e1kaze.<\/p>\n Waldemar Haffkine vyvinul prvn\u00ed vakc\u00ednu proti moru, kterou se roku 1894 sna\u017eil odvr\u00e1tit epidemii v Indii. Bohu\u017eel z 8000 proo\u010dkovan\u00fdch zem\u0159elo 19 lid\u00ed, co\u017e sta\u010dilo k tomu, aby byl Haffkine dehonestov\u00e1n a o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed zpochybn\u011bno.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A\u017e pozd\u011bji se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee do\u0161lo ke kontaminaci.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nakonec to pro o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed neznamenalo fat\u00e1ln\u00ed faux pas a dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u016flom na sebe nenechal dlouho \u010dekat. Byl j\u00edm objev tyfov\u00e9 vakc\u00edny a Robert Koch na\u0161el recept na ochranu p\u0159ed cholerou a tuberkul\u00f3zou.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Historicky prvn\u00ed nobelovka pat\u0159ila objeviteli o\u010dkovac\u00ed l\u00e1tky proti z\u00e1\u0161krtu a tetanu Emilu von Behringovi.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sv\u011bt si na p\u0159elomu devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed vydechnul.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nikdo nemusel \u010dekat, kde a kdy n\u00e1kaza ude\u0159\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u011b se vyrovn\u00e1vat s n\u00e1sledky. Najednou bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 eliminovat n\u00e1kazu v jej\u00edm z\u00e1rodku, aby se ani nenadechla.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nemoci, kter\u00e9 vylidnily m\u011bsta a st\u00e1ty za\u010daly ztr\u00e1cet na v\u00fdznamu.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n A to i nemoc, kter\u00e1 st\u00e1la na po\u010d\u00e1tku toho v\u0161eho: prav\u00e9 ne\u0161tovice tedy variola vera. Objev Ameriky n\u00e1m dal tab\u00e1k a \u010dokol\u00e1du. Domorod\u00fdm indi\u00e1n\u016fm p\u0159inesl smrt v podob\u011b prav\u00fdch ne\u0161tovic.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ne\u0161tovice se nevyh\u00fdbaly ani tr\u016fn\u016fm.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ramses V, Petr II, Isabela Parmsk\u00e1, Marie II. Stuartovna nebo Ludv\u00edk XV\u2026to jsou nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ob\u011bti s modrou krv\u00ed a ne\u0161tovi\u010dnou n\u00e1kazou.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Na Beethovena a Stalina byly kr\u00e1tk\u00e9. I kdy\u017e ne bez n\u00e1sledk\u016f. A tak\u00e9 nevyzr\u00e1ly na l\u00e9ka\u0159e Karla Ra\u0161ku. D\u00edky jeho unik\u00e1tn\u00edmu o\u010dkovac\u00edmu pl\u00e1nu se mu poda\u0159ilo prav\u00e9 ne\u0161tovice vym\u00fdtit. Do akce se zapojilo dal\u0161\u00edch dvacet \u010desk\u00fdch odborn\u00edk\u016f, riskuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159itom nejen zdrav\u00ed, ale mnohdy i \u017eivot v politicky nestabiln\u00edch oblastech.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n No tak vid\u00edte.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Takov\u00e1 \u201ekravina\u201c.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nem\u011bla to jednoduch\u00e9 a kolik \u017eivot\u016f zachr\u00e1nila\u2026.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Letos to s ch\u0159ipkou risknu.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nem\u00e1m r\u00e1da doktory a tak se asi zase neuvid\u00edme. Mo\u017en\u00e1 si pole\u017e\u00edm, mo\u017en\u00e1 ne.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ale za tyfus, mor a zbytek party m\u00e1m k vakc\u00edn\u00e1m a jejich objevitel\u016fm neskonal\u00fd obdiv a d\u00edk.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n ToraToraTora<\/em><\/p>\n [sexy_author_bio]<\/p>\n Views: 18 Ch\u0159ipkov\u00e1 epidemie je ut\u011b\u0161en\u011b na vzestupu a vypad\u00e1 to, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das u n\u00e1s \u0159\u00e1dit bude. Jako ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b tak epidemiologov\u00e9 za\u010dali \u017eehrat na nedostate\u010dn\u011b proo\u010dkovanou populaci, kter\u00e1, snad ze strachu z jehly nebo z chudoby, odm\u00edt\u00e1 investovat do o\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed. No, nebudu si tu malovat svatoz\u00e1\u0159. Jsem jedna z nich. A i p\u0159esto\u017ee leto\u0161n\u00ed ch\u0159ipkovirus op\u011bt […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-telo"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t![\"16505Yzg.jpg\"](\"https:\/\/popelky.cz\/verze7-0\/text_img\/16505Yzg.jpg\")
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